{"id":9093,"date":"2026-05-19T20:17:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T15:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ekonomist.kz\/?p=9093"},"modified":"2026-05-19T20:26:43","modified_gmt":"2026-05-19T15:26:43","slug":"zhahandyq-ekonomikaga-qauip-tondirip-turgan-zhasyryn-tosqauyl-nukteleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ekonomist.kz\/kz\/ekonomist-kz\/zhahandyq-ekonomikaga-qauip-tondirip-turgan-zhasyryn-tosqauyl-nukteleri\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0416\u0430\u04bb\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0493\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u0443\u0456\u043f \u0442\u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043f \u0442\u04b1\u0440\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0436\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0441\u049b\u0430\u0443\u044b\u043b \u043d\u04af\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><em>\u0414\u0430\u0439\u0430\u043d<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>\u041a\u043e\u0439\u043b<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436 \u2014 2020 \u0436\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u04d9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0456\u0440\u0456 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u049b\u049b\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0441\u043e\u04a3\u0493\u044b\u0441\u044b \u2013 \u041e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0437 \u0431\u04b1\u0493\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0443\u044b \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u04d9\u0440 \u0436\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043f\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u0442\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u0443\u044b\u043f \u0436\u0430\u0442\u049b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u04d9\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b. 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style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u04d8\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0431\u0456\u0440 \u0456\u043b\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0440. \u041c\u044b\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u042d\u042b\u0414\u04b0-\u043d\u044b\u04a3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/sub-issues\/trade-in-value-added.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u049b\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043c\u0448\u0430 \u049b\u04b1\u043d \u0441\u0430\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0441\u044b<\/a>\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u0430\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u049b\u044b\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0430\u0493\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b 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\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u04b1\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043f \u0436\u0430\u0442\u049b\u0430\u043d \u0436\u0430\u0493\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u0442\u0435\u043a \u0448\u0430\u0493\u044b\u043d \u0431\u04e9\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u043d \u049b\u0430\u043c\u0442\u0438\u0434\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u049b\u0442\u044b \u0443\u0430\u049b\u044b\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0493\u044b \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0456\u043c \u043a\u04e9\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u04af\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04af\u0448\u0456\u043d \u049b\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043c\u0441\u0456\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0456.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u043a\u04af\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a \u0431\u0430\u049b\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0443\u0448\u044b\u0441\u044b (Observatory of Economic Complexity<\/a>) \u0441\u0438\u044f\u049b\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0441\u049b\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0436\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u049b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0493\u04b1\u0440\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0435\u0433\u0436\u0435\u0439-\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043b\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04b1\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b. \u041a\u0435\u0439\u0431\u0456\u0440 \u04d9\u043b\u0441\u0456\u0437 \u0442\u04b1\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u049b\u0430\u0437\u0456\u0440 \u0436\u0430\u049b\u0441\u044b \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0456\u043b\u0456. \u0415\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0441\u044b, \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c TSMC \u0430\u0440\u049b\u044b\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0437\u044b\u049b \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0456\u0437\u0433\u0456\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u04af\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043a \u0435\u0442\u0435\u0434\u0456, \u043e\u043b \u04d9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043a \u0436\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0456\u0437\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043c\u043d\u0456\u04a3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trade.gov\/country-commercial-guides\/taiwan-semiconductors-including-chip-design-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90%-\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043d<\/a> \u049b\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0414\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u04af\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u04d9\u043b\u0441\u0456\u0437 \u0442\u04b1\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u0430\u043d\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u043f, \u0441\u043e\u043b \u043e\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0456\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u04af\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u04af\u0448\u0456\u043d \u04d9\u043b\u0434\u0435\u049b\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u04e9\u043f \u043a\u04af\u0448 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0443\u044b \u0442\u0438\u0456\u0441. \u041a\u04e9\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u04a3\u044b\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0448\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u04e9\u0442\u0435 \u0448\u043e\u0493\u044b\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0493\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u04e9\u0431\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0435\u043b\u0434\u0435 \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0456. \u0422\u0456\u043f\u0442\u0456 \u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0439\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0436\u043e\u0493\u0430\u0440\u0493\u044b \u0431\u0443\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0443\u044b \u043c\u04af\u043c\u043a\u0456\u043d, \u0441\u043e\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043a\u04e9\u0437\u0433\u0435 \u04b1\u0441\u0430\u049b \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u04af\u043a\u0456\u043b \u0436\u0430\u04bb\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0493\u0430 \u04d9\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d \u0456\u0440\u0456 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0493\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u04b1\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0443\u044b \u043c\u04af\u043c\u043a\u0456\u043d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041c\u044b\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0441\u044b\u043d \u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439\u044b\u049b: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ride-mtb.com\/en\/news\/shimano-parts-are-in-short-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u043a\u04e9\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0435\u0440<\/a> \u0436\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b Shimano \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0441\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0431\u04e9\u043b\u0448\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u04d9\u0443\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0456, \u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u04a3\u0493\u044b \u0436\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043e\u043b \u0441\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b \u049b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0493\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u049b\u0438\u044b\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0493\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0434\u044b. \u0421\u043e\u043b \u0441\u0438\u044f\u049b\u0442\u044b, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u04e9\u043b\u0456\u043a \u0436\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443\u0448\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u04af\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043a \u0435\u0442\u0435\u0434\u0456, \u043a\u04e9\u0431\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u0440-\u0435\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043c \u0431\u04e9\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u043d \u049b\u0430\u043c\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0437 \u0435\u0442\u0435\u0434\u0456. \u041c\u04b1\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u0442\u04d9\u0443\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0430\u049b\u0441\u044b \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u04e9\u0431\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u04d9\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u04a3 \u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d \u0441\u0430\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u043e\u049b\u044b\u043c\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u04d8\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043a \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043a \u0442\u0430\u0443\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 <a href=\"https:\/\/cepr.org\/voxeu\/columns\/value-added-content-trade\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0448\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d \u04af\u0448\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0456<\/a> \u0434\u0430\u0439\u044b\u043d \u04e9\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0442\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0431\u04b1\u043b \u043c\u04d9\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0493\u0430 \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043f \u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443\u0493\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b. \u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u04e9\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0456 \u0436\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043f, \u04e9\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u04d9\u0443\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u04a3\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d \u0430\u043b\u044b\u043f \u04d9\u0440\u0456 \u043a\u04af\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043d \u049b\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0434\u044b. 250 \u0436\u044b\u043b \u0431\u04b1\u0440\u044b\u043d \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0442<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/3300\/3300-h\/3300-h.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>\u00ab\u04b0\u043b\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b\u0493\u044b\u00bb \u0435\u04a3\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435<\/em><\/a> \u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u04e9\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u0436\u043e\u043b \u0430\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044b\u043d \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043f \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0435\u043d. \u0410\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u04b1\u043b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/national-institute-economic-review\/article\/economic-progress-and-adam-smiths-dilemma\/5C86F75D04A9DF31BD2ED148699F5F91\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u043d\u0430\u0440\u044b\u049b\u0442\u044b\u04a3 \u043a\u04e9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435<\/a> \u0434\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441\u0442\u044b: \u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u04af\u0439\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0456\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0441\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u0436\u04af\u0437 \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u043a\u04af\u043d \u0441\u0430\u0439\u044b\u043d 1000 \u0442\u04af\u0439\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0456\u0448 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0456\u04a3 \u043c\u04d9\u043d\u0456 \u0436\u043e\u049b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u04b1\u043b\u0442\u0442\u044b\u049b \u0448\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0442\u044b\u0441 \u043a\u0435\u04a3\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0435, \u043a\u04e9\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0493\u0430\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u0436\u043e\u049b. \u041e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0493\u044b \u0430\u049b\u044b\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u04a3\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u04a3\u0493\u044b \u04e9\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0433\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0436\u0430\u04bb\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u049b \u0441\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043d \u0448\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0456, \u0431\u04b1\u043b \u0436\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u0436\u0430\u0493\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u04d9\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0493\u0430 \u0430\u0437 \u043c\u04af\u043c\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0456 \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u049b\u049b\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0456\u04a3\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0456 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u04e9\u0442\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0456 \u049b\u0438\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0434\u044b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u049a\u0430\u0443\u0456\u043f-\u049b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04e9\u0442\u0435 \u04af\u043b\u043a\u0435\u043d. \u0416\u0430\u04a3\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0456 \u0430\u043b\u0443\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u043a\u0435\u0448\u0456\u0433\u0443\u0456 \u049b\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044b\u0437, \u0431\u0456\u0440\u0430\u049b \u0430\u0437\u044b\u049b-\u0442\u04af\u043b\u0456\u043a \u043f\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0443 \u0436\u04af\u0439\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u04af\u0437\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04d9\u043b\u0434\u0435\u049b\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0443\u044b\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0493\u0430 \u04d9\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0456.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u04ae\u043c\u0456\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043b\u044b\u0493\u044b, \u043a\u0435\u0439\u0431\u0456\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043b\u044b\u049b \u043c\u0430\u04a3\u044b\u0437\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u0430\u043d\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u044b. \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0456\u04a3 \u043a\u04af\u0448\u0435\u044e\u0456 \u0456\u0448\u043a\u0456 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043a \u049b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u049b\u0430, \u04d9\u0441\u0456\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u0410\u049a\u0428-\u0442\u0430\u0493\u044b \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0456\u0437\u0433\u0456\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0456\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0434\u044b \u044b\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0434\u044b. \u0410\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u04e9\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043a\u04d9\u0441\u0456\u043f\u0442\u0456\u043a \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0442\u044b \u049b\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u049b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0443 \u049b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0456\u0433\u0456\u043d \u043a\u04e9\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0434\u0456. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0430\u0439\u0442\u049b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d \u0436\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u044f\u049b\u0442\u044b \u0436\u0430\u04a3\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0493\u0430 \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441, \u0431\u0430\u0440 \u043a\u04af\u0448\u0442\u0456 \u0436\u0430\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u043d\u044b\u0493\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443\u0493\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043a\u04e9\u04a3\u0456\u043b \u0431\u04e9\u043b\u0443\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u0456\u0441.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0414\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u04e9\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u043a\u0456\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0456 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u04d9\u043b\u0456 \u0434\u0435 \u043a\u04e9\u0431\u0456\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0442\u044b\u0441 \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b. \u0411\u04b1\u043b \u049b\u044b\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0442\u049b\u0430 \u0442\u04af\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d \u049b\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0443\u044b \u043c\u04af\u043c\u043a\u0456\u043d. \u049a\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043c\u0448\u0430 \u0431\u04b1\u0437\u044b\u043b\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u04e9\u0437\u0441\u0456\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044b\u043d \u0435\u0441\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043f, \u04af\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u04e9\u043c\u0456\u0440\u043b\u0456\u043a \u043c\u0430\u04a3\u044b\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b \u049b\u0430\u043c\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0437 \u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u04a3\u0430 \u0442\u04d9\u0443\u0435\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u0448\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0443 \u04af\u0448\u0456\u043d \u0436\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043c \u04d9\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0443\u044b \u0442\u0438\u0456\u0441. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b\u049b \u0442\u04e9\u0437\u0456\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a \u0435\u043d\u0434\u0456 \u04b1\u043b\u0442\u0442\u044b\u049b \u049b\u0430\u0443\u0456\u043f\u0441\u0456\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0436\u044b\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441. \u0418\u043a\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456 \u04d9\u0440\u0456 \u043c\u044b\u049b\u0442\u044b \u04e9\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u049b\u04b1\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0493\u0430\u043d \u0435\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u04b1\u043b \u0441\u0430\u0431\u0430\u049b\u0442\u044b \u0430\u0443\u044b\u0440 \u0436\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0435\u043d \u04af\u0439\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0456.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><em>\u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u049a\u043e\u0493\u0430\u043c\u0434\u044b\u049b \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0414\u0430\u0439\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0439\u043b \u2013 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/hardcover\/9780691210599\/cogs-and-monsters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00abCogs and Monsters: What Economics Is, and What It Should Be<\/a><em> \u00bb (Princeton University Press, 2021) \u0436\u04d9\u043d\u0435 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/hardcover\/9780691179025\/the-measure-of-progress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00abThe Measure of Progress: Counting What Really Matters<\/a><em>\u00bb (Princeton University Press, 2025)\u043a\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b .<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043b\u044b\u049b \u049b\u04b1\u049b\u044b\u049b: Project Syndicate, 2026.<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.project-syndicate.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0430\u0439\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0439\u043b \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436 \u2014 2020 \u0436\u044b\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u04d9\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0434\u0456\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u04e9\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d \u0456\u0440\u0456 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u049b\u049b\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0441\u043e\u04a3\u0493\u044b\u0441\u044b \u2013 \u041e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0437 \u0431\u04b1\u0493\u0430\u0437\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0443\u044b \u0493\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u04d9\u0440 \u0436\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043f\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0456 \u0442\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u0443\u044b\u043f \u0436\u0430\u0442\u049b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u04d9\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u049b\u0430\u043b\u0434\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b. COVID-19 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0441\u044b\u043d\u044b\u04a3 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0493\u044b \u0436\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u049b\u043e\u0440\u0493\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0441 \u049b\u04b1\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0431\u04af\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0456 \u043a\u04af\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u044b\u04a3\u0430\u0439\u0442\u049b\u044b\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u043a\u04af\u043a\u0456\u0440\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u043f\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b\u04a3 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0456\u0437\u0433\u0456 \u0442\u043e\u0493\u044b\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u04af\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u043c\u0435\u043d \u043a\u04af\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0436\u0430\u0431\u0434\u044b\u049b\u0442\u0430\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0456\u04a3 \u04e9\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u04d9\u0443\u0435\u043b\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u04d9\u043b\u0456 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9092,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"hide","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"1"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored 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